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These reviews were published in the Journal of Clinical Pathology and a supporting series of cases in the British Medical Journal. See Authors and acknowledgments.

There is little information from large scale consensus statements or large clinical trials. The guidance below is derived from a small number of reviews supplemented by extrapolations from knowledge of the physiology of vitamin B12 and folate. These answers do not address the further investigation of the cause of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.

There is also a topic on Iron deficiency anaemia.